life expectancy
- Repoter 11
- 12 Jan, 2025
Numerous observational studies over the past 80 years have explored the association of lifestyle risk factors, individually and, more recently, collectively, with the risk of mortality and chronic disease.1,2 Findings suggest that being physically active, being of normal weight, avoiding smoking, and consuming a moderate amount of alcohol confer the lowest risk of total mortality and chronic, noncommunicable disease, particularly cardiovascular disease. Uncertainty exists, however, with regard to the association of such a healthy lifestyle with life expectancy, particularly disease-free life expectancy, a measure that may be more useful for policy communication and public understanding than the ubiquitous relative risk estimates.3-6 The few existing investigations on disease-free life expectancy have reported mixed findings. A study of Dutch men and women found that those with all of the described healthy lifestyle factors lived 2 extra years in good health compared with those in the high-risk group,3 while in a multicohort analysis, those with no lifestyle risk factors lived an average of 6 years longer free of chronic diseases than those with at least 2 risk factors.4 In a further general-population sample, the absence of risk factors was associated with a 9-year delay in the mean age at onset of chronic diseases.5 While this body of evidence is informative, it remains unclear to what extent specific combinations of healthy lifestyle factors are associated with the number of years lived without major chronic disease.
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